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L’Organizational Network Analysis: mappare la rete organizzativa informale – Fattore Umano
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L’Organizational Network Analysis: mappare la rete organizzativa informale

La trasformazione e digitalizzazione delle organizzazioni ha portato e sta portando un cambiamento dei metodi di lavoro, dei processi lavorativi e della gestione delle risorse umane: le organizzazioni diventano collaborative e allo stesso tempo, maggiormente complesse.

Attraverso questa prospettiva di gestione delle risorse umane in ottica di collaborazione, interconnessione e di lavoro di squadra entra in gioco un nuovo concetto da indagare e valutare: la rete organizzativa, ovvero l’insieme delle relazioni interpersonali nei luoghi di lavoro, e riguarda la loro tipologia, qualità ed intensità.

La trasformazione e l’evoluzione delle organizzazioni comporta un aumento della complessità e dell’interconnessione sia interna che esterna e di conseguenza, portano ad affrontare nuove questioni, soprattutto da un punto di vista del management.

 

Da dove partire? Un’analisi organizzativa finalizzata a comprendere e coltivare le relazioni e le dinamiche emergenti all’interno della propria organizzazione è un ottimo punto di partenza.

E’ però necessario discostarci dalla sola visione della struttura formale e indagare un’altra caratteristica dell’organizzazione: la struttura informale, rappresentata dalla rete sociale organizzativa.

Un utile strumento da applicare è la Organizational Network Analysis (Analisi delle reti sociali organizzative). Tale strumento analitico non si sostituisce all’analisi dei processi e all’organigramma, ma piuttosto andrà integrarsi con essi in modo da approfondire ulteriormente la conoscenza delle dinamiche organizzative. Volendo azzardare un parallelismo biologico, possiamo identificare l’organigramma con lo scheletro di un’organizzazione, la mappatura dei processi come il suo sistema circolatorio e l’ONA come l’analisi del sistema nervoso: cervello e gangli nervosi.

Rispetto ad altri tipi di analisi la ONA si focalizza sulle relazioni e sulle strutture informali, piuttosto che sulle caratteristiche individuali e per tale ragione, risulta di particolare interesse nei contesti organizzativi.

 

L’output di una Organizational Network Analysis è definito da un grafico in cui:

Già la rappresentazione grafica della rete informale agevola una comprensione immediata e fruibile delle dinamiche relazionali organizzative.

Oltre alla funzione di mappatura precedentemente illustrata, è possibile implementare una serie di analisi predittive rispetto a possibili situazioni future. Ad esempio, si può considerare l’effetto dell’inserimento di una nuova figura all’interno di un dipartimento oppure l’impatto dell’uscita di un lavoratore dall’organizzazione, in funzione delle competenze possedute.

La praticità dello strumento è triplice: è specifico e personalizzabile, fornisce un output immediato attraverso una rappresentazione grafica, e può fornire anche analisi predittive.

Le relazioni misurate e mappate, possono essere di varia natura e tenere conto di una molteplicità di sfumature, di conseguenza l’organizzazione potrà scegliere le dinamiche e le relazioni da indagare, in funzione delle proprie necessità.

Attraverso questo metodo di analisi potremmo dunque misurare all’interno del network le seguenti dimensioni:

Un’accurata mappatura delle relazioni ha un’importanza cruciale per migliorare il coordinamento e funzionamento dei gruppi di lavoro o per migliorare i processi che coinvolgono dipartimenti o gruppi differenti. Inoltre, considerando il fatto che i manager si trovano spesso nella situazione di interagire con persone chiave all’interno della rete sociale organizzativa, risulta evidente che l’analisi delle strutture informali aziendali si presenta come un imperativo per il management. Approfondire le dinamiche intere sopracitate, appare essenziale in momenti di ristrutturazione organizzativa o per migliorare la comunicazione e la performance dei team di lavoro.

Allo stesso modo, una valutazione della performance gestita attraverso tale metodologia risulta essere ideale per inquadrare le figure chiave che meritano un riconoscimento per la loro centralità nel network organizzativo.

La Organizational Network Analysis, fornisce dunque l’opportunità di comprendere le dinamiche interne che permettono ad un’organizzazione di mostrarsi solida, innovativa e di generare il cambiamento. In ottica di sviluppo, questo tipo di analisi può essere centrale per rispondere alle sfide future che le organizzazioni dovranno affrontare, in un mondo del lavoro in cui la componente umana, relazionale ed organizzativa avrà sempre di più un ruolo predominante.

 

A cura di Francesco Menegalli