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Come imparare a governare la complessità di un’organizzazione – Fattore Umano
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Come imparare a governare la complessità di un’organizzazione

Nel corso della mia attività professionale, mi è recentemente capitato di parlare con la referente di un azienda, addetta a gestire sul campo processi e documentazione relativa a Salute e Sicurezza sul Lavoro. Nello specifico, mi ha colpito una sua frase: “il consulente ci ha portato il Sistema di Gestione della Sicurezza”.

Ma come? Cosa vuol dire? Cos’è che ha portato il consulente? Un faldone di carte? E a che scopo? Come si è svolto il processo di sviluppo del Sistema, dall’analisi iniziale, alla redazione della Politica allo sviluppo di processi, procedure, istruzioni operative, documentazione di supporto e quant’altro? Tutte domande che forse è stato meglio non fare.

Questo episodio mi ha spinto a pensare al senso ultimo dei Sistemi di Gestione e al loro vero scopo. Ma facciamo un passo indietro.

Oggi gestire Salute e Sicurezza sul Lavoro è un attività non semplice, complicata… o complessa? Ma poi, cosa significa complicato? E cosa significa complesso? I problemi semplici, quelli complicati e quelli complessi, ammesso che sia chiaro ciò che li distingue, vanno affrontati con medesimi strumenti o con approcci specifici?

Quando i problemi sono semplici, causa ed effetto sono evidenti, i processi sono ripetibili e i risultati ben prevedibili. Questi problemi sono scomponibili in processi semplici, logici e consecutivi e si possono affrontare con successo grazie a sistemi organizzativi fortemente gerarchizzati che funzionano secondo la modalità comando – controllo, anche grazie all’ausilio di “best practice” consolidate.
Quando i problemi sono complicati, causa ed effetto spesso sono separati nel tempo e nello spazio, i processi sono non a cascata ma “a rete” e di conseguenza non esiste una soluzione al problema, ma diverse possibili soluzioni. In questi sistemi l’interazione non lineare tra le parti che li compongono rende necessario sviluppare organizzazione nelle quali i sistemi di governo comando – controllo lascino spazio a network di responsabilità diffusa, dove devono essere coinvolte più persone a più livelli.

Se ci troviamo di fronte invece a problemi complessi, causa ed effetto si possono mettere in relazione spesso solo mediante retro-analisi, le soluzioni ai problemi non sono ripetibili e gli approcci gestionali gerarchizzati tendono a non funzionare in maniera efficiente, mentre risultano più funzionali modelli di gestione partecipati e basati sull’esperienza sul campo e sull’auto-apprendimento.

 

Un esempio interessante è quello che riguarda le operazioni di soccorso che sono seguite al disastroso uragano Katrina, che ha colpito gli Stati Uniti nel 2005. I modelli fortemente gerarchizzati dello stato federale e della guardia nazionale si dimostrarono in prima istanza non funzionali, lenti, inefficaci e in definitiva disastrosi. In un contesto certamente molto complesso, i soccorsi furono lenti e inadeguati ciò costò la vita a migliaia di persone.

E’ interessante però sapere che l’organizzazione che funzionò meglio in quel disastro, portando un decisivo contributo sul territorio, fu la catena di supermercati Walmart.

Poco prima del disastro, l’Amministratore Delegato di Walmart emise un comunicato che ci aiuta a capire come questa organizzazione decise di affrontare l’emergenza: “L’azienda si dimostrerà all’altezza di questo disastro.  Molti di voi dovranno prendere decisioni che normalmente competono ai livelli superiori. Prendete le decisioni che potete sulla base delle informazioni disponibili e, soprattutto, fate le cose giuste. Non c’è altro da aggiungere.”

Walmart quindi scelse un approccio non basato sul comando e controllo verticistico, ma diete delega e responsabilità ai protagonisti sul campo, mettendo a loro disposizione dei centralinisti (80 nella fase più acuta dell’emergenza) che avevano il compito cruciale di mettere in comunicazione tra loro le persone sul campo.
Funzionò: i soccorsi portati da Walmart furono più tempestivi di quelli dello stato federale e i dipendenti della catena si distinsero in molti casi per comportamenti eccellenti, sensati e addirittura eroici.

 

Se pensiamo ad altri contesti complessi, come quelli che riguardano ad esempio la sicurezza del volo o la sicurezza del paziente in sala operatoria, notiamo che un certo schema di gestione torna in maniera similare: la responsabilizzazione degli operatori di front-line (manutentori, piloti, chirurghi, infermieri) e l’ausilio di strumenti semplici che possono aiutare a gestire la complessità estrema: le check-list.

Lo scopo delle check-list è duplice in tali contesti: evitare errori di routine, tipici dei compiti ripetitivi o articolati in varie fasi, e affrontare situazioni difficili in contesti di pressione temporale: il lettore avrà forse visto in qualche film il pilota di un aereo affrontare un emergenza dicendo in prima battuta al copilota: “prendi la check-list per le emergenze!”. E’ esattamente così anche nella realtà.

 

Non esistono check-list preconfezionate, ma esistono check-list che racchiudono l’essenza di lunghe analisi sulla gestione dei rischi e dei processi ad essi connessi nelle specifiche realtà. L’OMS ad esempio, ha emesso dopo anni di lavoro una check-list per la gestione dei rischi connessi in sala chirurgica che distilla in 19 punti le tre fasi più rischiose di un intervento: l’ingresso in sala (il “Sign in” prima dell’induzione dell’anestesia, in “Time out” prima dell’incisione della cute e il “Sign out” prima dell’uscita del paziente dalla sala operatoria).

 

Tornado quindi alla riflessione iniziale: che cos’è oggi un Sistema di Gestione? E’ sostanzialmente un sistema per governare i processi, che deve tenere conto delle loro intrinseche caratteristiche (sono processi semplici? Complicati? Complessi) e mediante strumenti semplici, ma attagliati sulle esigenze di una specifica realtà come l’abito di un sarto si attaglia ad uno specifico corpo, aiutare persone e organizzazioni a mantenere il controllo e promuovere il miglioramento nel tempo.

 

Non credo sia sbagliato affermare che un Sistema di Gestione è una piramide strutturata di politiche, procedure, istruzioni operative che nient’altro sono che dichiarazioni di intenti e check-list per verificare il raggiungimento di tali intenti nel tempo.
Ma queste check-list devono essere partecipate, diffuse, ben studiate e sempre migliorate e aggiornate, per essere veramente adeguate all’uso da parte degli operatori sul campo e per consentire ai livelli superiori del management di svolgere due compiti fondamentali: verificare che le cose siano fatte in maniera corretta e tempestiva e fare in modo che le persone comunichino tra loro per risolvere i problemi o promuovere lo sviluppo.

 

Va da sé che tutto ciò non può essere ne “portato” ne “consegnato”, ma debba nascere sul campo, coinvolgendo tutti gli stakeholders della sicurezza in azienda, dal Datore di Lavoro ai Lavoratori sul campo, passando per gli staff.

A cura di Francesco Menegalli