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La “Cultura della Sicurezza”: mito o obiettivo concreto per le aziende? – Fattore Umano
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La “Cultura della Sicurezza”: mito o obiettivo concreto per le aziende?

Quando accadono tragedie come quella verificatasi al cantiere di una nota catena di supermercati a Firenze si torna a sentir parlare a vari livelli, e in particolare da esponenti di politica e istituzioni, di “Cultura della Sicurezza”. Se ne parla quasi che la “Cultura della Sicurezza” fosse la panacea di tutti i mali e la soluzione a tutti i problemi, una formula magica che se invocata può cancellare problemi e disfunzioni che si trascinano da decenni.

E in effetti vedendo le immagini provenienti da dopo-incidente del cantiere di Firenze, ove diversi politici sono passati in un cantiere in cui era da poco avvenuto un crollo senza scarpe antinfortunistiche o senza elmetti protettivi, viene da pensare che in questo paese davvero ci sia un significativo problema culturale quando si parla di salute e sicurezza sul lavoro.

Ma che cos’è la “Cultura della Sicurezza”? E davvero essa sola può risolvere tutti i problemi di salute e sicurezza di una organizzazione o addirittura di una nazione?

Secondo l’OSHA (l’agenzia europea per la salute e la sicurezza sul lavoro) la Cultura della Sicurezza è “l’insieme delle convinzioni, delle percezioni e dei valori che i membri di una organizzazione condividono in relazione alla sicurezza sul lavoro”. Si tratta in pratica del modo in cui una organizzazione “vive” la sicurezza, la sente parte del proprio essere e del proprio agire.

Possono esistere diverse “culture della sicurezza”, a seconda del grado di maturità e consapevolezza di una azienda.

Una prima cultura che possiamo distinguere è quella “patologica”, riassumibile nella frase “la sicurezza non ci riguarda, l’importante è farla franca”. In questo tipo di cultura le informazioni vengono occultate, le persone che comunicano i problemi vengono punite, vengono evitate le responsabilità, sono scoraggiati gli scambi di opinione, vengono nascosti i fallimenti e le nuove idee vengono represse.

Una seconda tipologia di cultura che possiamo osservare, per altro abbastanza frequentemente nel nostro tessuto produttivo, è quella “burocratica”, che potrebbe essere rappresentata dal motto “abbiamo le carte in ordine”: in questa cultura le informazioni talvolta vengono ignorate, chi comunica problemi viene al massimo tollerato, le responsabilità vengono spartite tra compartimenti stagni, gli scambi di opinione vengono consentiti, ma non hanno seguito, l’organizzazione viene immaginata e promossa come entità “giusta” e “misericordiosa” a prescindere, le nuove idee sono viste come problemi e non come opportunità.

Esiste poi una terza tipologia di cultura, alla quale tutte le organizzazioni dovrebbero ambire e per il raggiungimento della quale dovrebbero investire, giorno per giorno: la cultura “generativa”. In questo tipo di cultura, che può essere rappresentata dalla frase “la sicurezza fa parte del nostro modo di pensare e operare”, le informazioni vengono cercate attivamente a tutti i livelli, le persone sono educate e formate ad una comunicazione efficace, le responsabilità sono condivise tra tutti gli attori in campo, gli scambi e i confronti vengono premiati, i fallimenti sono indagati in maniera approfondita (e senza caccia al colpevole), le nuove idee vengono accolte con entusiasmo.

E’ ovvio che più la cultura di una azienda si avvicina a quella “generativa”, più si andranno a costituire più elevati livelli prevenzione in azienda. Meno facile è capire come costruire una cultura generativa ed efficace in contesti in cui, magari da lungo tempo, sono radicati costrutti, idee, atteggiamenti e quindi comportamenti disfunzionali.

Gli strumenti per ottenere questo tipo di risultati sono molteplici, e vanno usati in maniera accurata avendo ben presente il contesto in cui si opera. Una delle principali leve è sicuramente quella della formazione e dell’addestramento, che tra i vari obiettivi dovrebbero porsi anche quello di migliorare i livelli di percezione dei rischi dei lavoratori e della dirigenza. E’ poi fondamentale leadership efficace e basata sull’esempio e la coerenza tra enunciati (politiche, intenti dichiarati, obiettivi) e le azioni concrete compiute dall’organizzazione. E’ poi indispensabile diffondere una forte responsabilità individuale, anche attraverso il coinvolgimento e la partecipazione dei lavoratori all’individuazione dei rischi e all’attuazione di efficaci misure di miglioramento. In tutto questo naturalmente una comunicazione efficace e la diffusione di competenze specifiche giocano un ruolo decisivo. Queste attività, ben articolate tra loro possono alla fine produrre risultati tangibili nell’organizzazione, nella prevenzione tecnica e, cosa forse oggi più difficile, nei comportamenti dei lavoratori.

Tutto questo dovrebbe farci riflettere come “cambiare la cultura” sia qualcosa di certamente proficuo, utile, desiderabile, ma allo stesso tempo di impegnativo: la cultura si costruisce innanzitutto con la volontà e la disciplina.

Se è giusto che le aziende facciano un grande sforzo per sviluppare al loro interno efficaci culture della sicurezza, il Legislatore e i Governi dovrebbero forse soffermarsi maggiormente sull’efficientamento del sistema di vigilanza (ancora molto carente negli organici) e nella tempestività delle norme: basti pensare che siamo ancora in attesa di decreti attuativi del D.Lgs. 81/08, di ormai 16 anni fa, come il sistema di qualificazione delle imprese e dei lavoratori autonomi previsto all’art.27, o del nuovo Accordo Stato-Regioni, che dovrebbe finalmente prevedere la formazione a beneficio dei Datori di Lavoro (a proposito di cultura) che doveva essere emesso entro il giugno 2022, di cui ancora non v’è traccia.

 

A cura di Francesco Menegalli